graduate_handbook:academic_program [School of Physics and Astronomy Wiki]

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====== Academic Program ======

===== Entering students and the first year =====

The first year acts as a transition period between your undergraduate and graduate experiences. The main activity is still taking classes to solidify your understanding of Physics, but you are also encouraged to think about your research interests, and to find a suitable research adviser for your first Summer in our program. Towards this goal, you need to learn about what research is done in the department, and start talking to those professors whose research you are most interested in. 

==== Course work ====
You should expect to take two or three regular courses per semester, including our core courses. In general, you are expected to be enrolled in between 6 and 14 credit hours per semester. In addition, you will take the Graduate Research Seminar which introduces you to the research being done in this School and people doing it. If you are a TA, you will also take the course Best Practices in Physics Teaching. This course explores techniques designed to make your teaching more efficient and successful. 

If you receive a Teaching Assistant offer, you are typically asked to decide on what courses to take before the Fall semester starts. This is due to our need to arrange teaching assignments for the Fall semester before it starts.

Depending on your background or preparation, you may want to consider taking advanced undergraduate classes (4000 level classes) during this first year, or have some of the required classes waived and directly take more advanced coursework. In either case, you should consult your academic adviser. If you wish to have some of the required course work waived on account of classes that you have already taken before joining the University of Minnesota, you need to contact the DGS for written approval.

The course numbering system at the University of Minnesota is as follows: 1xxx, 2xxx and 3xxx courses are undergraduate courses that are not open for graduate credit. Courses numbered 4xxx and 5xxx are open for both undergraduate and graduate credit. 4xxx courses are primarily for undergraduates, while 5xxx courses are primarily intended for graduate students. 8xxx courses are advanced graduate courses. 

==== Typical First Year Courses ====


| **Fall**                                   | **Spring**                                  |
| 5001: Quantum I (4 cr.)                    | 5002: Quantum II (4 cr.)                    |
| 5011: Classical I (4 cr.)                  | 5012: Classical II (4 cr.)                  |
| 5201:Statistical/Thermal Physics (3 cr.) | Elective course (see below)|
| 5072: Teaching College Physics I (1 cr.)  | 5072: Teaching College Physics II (1 cr.)  |
| 5980: Intro to Research Seminar (1 cr.)    | 5980: Intro to Research Seminar (1 cr.)     |

Transferring credits: If you have taken graduate courses at another graduate institution, you may be able to transfer the credits. The official transfer of credits takes place when you submit your degree program form (see below). Credits from another institution can be transferred as long as they are taken after you have received a bachelor's degree. If you have attended college outside of the U.S., you can generally transfer credits earned after 4 years of post-secondary education. For example, some countries have a 5-year baccalaureate program. Generally, only courses from the 5th year of such a program can be transferred. 

==== Some Elective Courses Taken By First Year Students ====
 

^Course number  ^Course name  ^
| Physics 4041 | Computational Methods in the Physical Sciences |
|Physics 4051/2| Methods of Experimental Physics|
| Physics 4211*| Introduction to Solid State Physics|
| Physics 4303| Waves, Optics, and Relativity|
| Physics 4511*| Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics|
| Physics 4611*| Introduction to Space Physics|
| Physics 4621*| Introduction to Plasma Physics|
| Physics 5022 *| Relativity, Cosmology, and the Universe|
| Physics 5041 | Mathematical Methods for Physics |
* Survey courses useful in deciding research specialties

==== Towards becoming involved in research ====
Since you are expected to make arrangements to do research with a faculty adviser during the Summer after your first year, you should do a few things before then besides attending the Research Seminar (Phys 5980) and department colloquia. The process of finding a research adviser is quite informal, and we expect you to take the lead in probing areas of research in the School that interest you. It is understood that finding mutually agreeable arrangements takes time, and that you may wish to switch between fields as you become more acquainted with them during the course of your first two years. Be sure to ask about potential for funding, as this is the main constraint that all groups have in accepting new students.

There are several factors to consider in your choice of research group and adviser. The first one is theoretical vs. experimental research. This choice often depends on your skills and temperament. Theoretical research is more abstract and requires very good mathematical ability. Experimental research is more concrete, requiring the visualization of how a theoretical idea can be tested using measurements. If in doubt as to whether your interests lie in experiment or theory, talk to faculty members and more senior graduate students in both areas about their experiences.

A second factor for you to consider is the choice of a subfield within physics. Specialty areas represented at the University of Minnesota include condensed matter physics, elementary particle physics, nuclear physics, space physics, nuclear and particle astrophysics, cosmology, biophysics, and physics education. An introduction to the the interests of each faculty member can be found at http://cse.umn.edu/physics .

A third factor to consider is the social characteristics of different subfields. Many experimental groups, and sometimes theoretical groups as well, require working in large teams and collaborations, often of international nature. Other groups just work in a small group setting. Maintaining good relations with team members and maintaining effective exchange of information with them are very important aspects of doing research in large groups. As above, the best method of gathering information is to talk with faculty members and with the more advanced students involved in such groups.

After narrowing your choices, you should make appointments to talk with several faculty members about joining their group. It is best to begin these discussions as soon as the research interests have been identified, and certainly before the first Summer. Keep in mind that this is an iterative process. It requires persistence, patience, and an open mind. The subfield of Physics that you decide to purse for your Ph.D. work will have a profound influence in your future career.


==== The Graduate Written Examination (GWE) ====

The Graduate Written Exam, or GWE, is currently given once each year, at the end of the Spring semester. The purpose of the examination is to test knowledge of 'undergraduate' physics but at a level of sophistication appropriate to graduate school. While the exam does not cover graduate material, it does demand a high degree of mastery of the undergraduate material. The GWE is drafted by a special faculty committee, and the passing grade is set every year by the faculty. 

Further information about policies, tips on how to prepare for the exam, and links to a historic record of past exams is given in the Section [[graduate_handbook:physics_graduate_policies#graduate_written_examination_policy|Graduate Written Examination Policy]].

==== Summer research fellowship ====

In order to facilitate your search for a research group and adviser, the School of Physics and Astronomy provides a research fellowship during the first Summer in our program to all of our incoming students provided that, (i), you spend the Summer term on campus working on research, and (ii), your adviser is a member of the faculty of the School.

There is no further commitment on your part to continue in the same group after the Summer, nor on your adviser's to become your permanent research adviser. Approximately 60% of our first year students continue their Ph.D. research with the same group as in the first Summer. Others change; in a few cases more than once.
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